10-Year Note Auction
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Definition
Treasury notes are sold at regularly scheduled public auctions. The competitive bids at these auctions determine the interest rate paid on each Treasury note issue. Twenty primary dealers are authorized and obligated to submit competitive tenders at Treasury auctions. Dealers can hold, resell, or trade the securities with other firms. The Treasury announces the amount, date and time of the 10-year note auction four times a year - on the first Wednesday of February, May, August and November. The note is auctioned the following week, usually on Thursday and it is issued (settled) on the 15th of the month. If the 15th falls on a weekend or a holiday, it is issued on the next business day. The U.S. Treasury also announces a re-opening* of the 10-year note at the beginning (usually the second week of the month) of March, June, September, and December. The 10-year note is then auctioned later in the week (usually on Thursday) and issued on the 15th of the month with the same exception if it is a weekend or holiday.
**According to the Treasury, "In a reopening, we issue an additional amount of a previously-issued note. The reopened security has the same maturity date and interest rate as the original security; however, compared to the original security, the reopened security has a different issue date and usually a different purchase price. If the price determined at the reopening exceeds the par value of the security, you will owe a premium. Also, when buying a reopened security, you must pay the interest the security earned before you bought it; however, we will pay this interest -- it's called "accrued interest" -- back to you in your first semiannual interest payment."
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Why Do Investors Care?
Individual investors can participate in Treasury auctions through a securities dealer or via the Treasury Direct program. The Treasury Direct program saves on brokerage commissions, but the commission is nominal and eliminates a lot of paper work and administrative hassle. Brokers facilitate the purchases and sales of Treasuries in the secondary market, which is handy for buying Treasuries at times other than scheduled auctions or with maturities other than those offered by standard new issues.
Interest rates on Treasury securities are determined in the market; the Federal Reserve does not set them. However, bond investors are sensitive to Federal Reserve policy and thus market rates will mirror policy expectations. Usually, bond market players are forward-looking and this means that interest rates on Treasury securities will move in the direction of Fed policy with a lead. As a result, one is more likely to see rising interest rates on Treasury yields during an expansion (and falling yields during economic slowdowns) in advance of policy changes by the Federal Reserve.
Primer on Treasuries
Treasury securities, Treasuries, and Govies all refer to the same type of security, and are debt obligations of the United States. Maturity refers to the length of your loan to the government. Treasury notes have maturities of 2 to 10 years (2-, 3-, 5- and 10-year notes are the most common). Since 1998, all Treasury securities have minimum denominations of $1,000 and must be purchased in increments of $1,000.
How notes work
You pay $1,000 for a note. You receive interest payments every six months based on the coupon rate. If the rate is 6%, you get $30 every six months for a total of $60/year. When the note matures in ten years, you get back the original investment of $1,000, called the principal.
Investment Profile
Treasuries offer a measure of security unmatched by other investments - the U.S. government guarantees the initial investment (the principal) and the interest payments. When Treasuries are resold in the secondary market, their price could be substantially more or less than the face value. Price fluctuations in the secondary market are tied to the economic environment, inflation expectations, Federal Reserve policy, and simple forces of supply and demand. If a Treasury is held to maturity, inflation and opportunity risks remain. Inflation erodes the value of both the principal and interest payments. Opportunity risk refers to what could have been earned had the money been invested elsewhere.
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